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| A Resource for Teachers, Clinicians, Parents, and Students by the Brain Injury Association of New York State. |
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Click on "MORE" after any of these possible explanations to view suggestions for exploring that possible explanation.
Medical #1: Medication side effect: Some students may have difficulty sitting still as a side effect of medication. Medical Possibility #2: Medication interactions: Some students may have difficulty sitting still as a result of medication interactions. Medical Possibility #3: Chronic pain. Some students may have difficulty sitting still as a result of being in chronic pain. Medical Possibility #4: Fatigue: Some students have difficulty sitting still as a result of fatigue (e.g., insufficient sleep). Medical/Sensory Possibility #5: Sensory or sensory integration impairment: Some students may have difficulty sitting still as result of sensory over-stimulation or sensory under-stimulation.
Cognitive/Self-Regulatory Possibility #1: Specific attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Some students may have a specific and isolated problem with regulation of attention and activity levels. (See Cognitive/Self-Regulatory Possibility #2: Generally impaired self-regulation: Some students may have difficulty remaining still as a result of general difficulty with other aspects of self-regulation. (See Cognitive/Self-Regulatory Possibility #3: Inhibition impairment: Some students may have difficulty sitting still as a result of inhibition impairment (i.e., impulse-control problems). (See Cognitive/Self-Regulatory Possibility #4: Weak orientation to task: Some students may have difficulty sitting still as a result of uncertainty regarding what is required of them. (See Cognitive/Self-Regulatory Possibility #5: Organizational impairment: Some students may have difficulty sitting still as a result of organizational impairment. (See Cognitive/Self-Regulatory Possibility #6: Generally weak cognitive functioning: Some students have difficulty attending as a result of excessive demands placed on their memory, organizational ability, academic skill, or other cognitive ability. (See Behavioral Possibility #1: Oppositionality: Some students may appear to have difficulty sitting still as a result of oppositional behavior (See Behavioral Possibility #2: Manipulativeness: Some students may appear to have difficulty sitting still as a form of manipulation (other than oppositional behavior). (See Behavioral Possibility #3: Attention seeking: Some students may appear to have difficulty sitting still as a way to seek adult and/or peer attention. (See Behavioral Possibility #4: Task avoidance: Some students may appear to have difficulty sitting still as a way to avoid specific tasks. (See Behavioral Possibility #5: Control: Some students may appear to have difficulty sitting still as a way of exercising control. (See
Social-Emotional Possibility #1: Depression: Some students may have difficulty sitting still because they are upset, depressed, and/or lack positive relationships with peers and/or adults. (See Social-Emotional Possibility #2: Anxiety: Some students may have difficulty sitting still as a result of anxiety. (See Social-Emotional Possibility #3: Frustration: Some students may have difficulty sitting still as a result of feeling frustrated. (See
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Problem: The student rarely sits still; may leave his desk without permission; frequently fidgets; appears to have difficulty paying attention (focusing, maintaining attention, shifting attentional focus, dividing attention) in academic or other domains.
Please review the list of possible explanations to the problem. Click on a possibility to learn about relevant observations and experiments to further determine the source of the problem There are 4 categories: 
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